ʻO ka Surge e pili ana i ka piko o ka hikiwawe ma mua o ka paʻa, me nā puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu a me nā au. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana lako mana mai nā kumu ʻelua: waho (nā kumu o ka uila) a me loko (hoʻomaka a hoʻopau nā mea uila, etc.). ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā piʻi pinepine he pōkole loa. ʻO ka overvoltage i hana ʻia e ka uila he pinepine ia i ka micro-second level, ʻo ka overvoltage i hana ʻia e nā mea uila he mau milliseconds, akā nui loa ka uila a me ke au, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea uila a ʻo ke kaula he pōʻino, no laila koi ʻia ka mea pale pale e pale iā lākou. ʻO Surge protector, inoa Pelekane ʻo Surge Protective Device, i kapa ʻia ʻo SPD, he mea uila no ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka pale palekana no nā mea uila like ʻole, nā mea kani, a me nā laina kamaʻilio, ka mea nui no ka kaupalena ʻana i ka overvoltage a me ke kahe o ke kahe koko. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka mea pale pale me nā lako pale. Ke hana ʻia kahi overvoltage, hiki iā ia ke hana ma ke ʻano he puʻupuʻu a me ka puʻe uila. Kāohi i ke au nui mai ka pōʻino o ka mea hana. ʻO nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka pale hoʻoulu ʻana he ʻāpana nonlinear i loko. Wahi a nā ʻāpana nonlinear ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mea pale pale i kahi ʻano hoʻololi (ʻo ka mea nui ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka clearance) a me kahi ʻano kaomi i kaupalena ʻia (ʻo ka mea kumu ka nui o ke kūpaʻa paʻakikī). ʻOiai ʻokoʻa ka ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a me ke kumu hana o ke kūʻē ʻana i ke kaomi, ua like loa nā ʻano kumu: inā ʻaʻohe overvoltage, kiʻekiʻe loa ko lākou impedance, ma ke ʻano he megapometh, ʻaneʻane like me ka wehe. Ke hiki mai ka overvoltage, e hāʻule koke ka impedance i kekahi mau ʻEulopa. E kahe ana ke au o ke au i ka lepo ma o ka pale pale, a aole e komo iloko o na mea hana, a no ka mea, he uuku ka impedance o ka pale pale, kona elua. , e pale aku ia i ka mea hana mai ka pale ʻana i ka puʻu uila nui. Ma kēia ʻano, hoʻokani ʻia ka effluent a me nā hopena i kaupalena ʻia.